Europe is rearming together — except in space

Europe is rapidly rewriting its security architecture. Faced with Russian aggression, mounting doubts about long-term American commitment and growing pressure to shoulder more of its own defense burden, European states have embraced minilateralism: smaller, flexible coalitions built around shared strategic priorities and operational needs. From the Joint Expeditionary Force to the Anglo-German Kensington Treaty and France’s new concept of “forward deterrence”, these coalitions are reshaping how Europe prepares for conflict. And yet space, increasingly central to military operations and deterrence, remains the missing piece.