When reporters revisit President John F. Kennedy’s address to a joint session of Congress in 1961, it is often framed as a bold moment of promises made — and ultimately kept. The president vowed to land a man on the moon before the decade was out, and return him safely to the Earth. His challenge nevertheless ignited an American space effort that would stretch the boundaries of human exploration.

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David Ariosto is co-host of the Space Minds podcast on SpaceNews, and author of the upcoming Knopf book, “Open Space.”